Siteswap: Reading and Writing Juggling Tricks with Numbers

An introduction to siteswap, the number notation jugglers around the world use to describe patterns. Students learn to read simple sequences, perform them and check mathematically whether a pattern they invent is possible.

How to play

1. Explain: each number says how many beats until that ball is thrown again; odd numbers switch hands and even numbers return to the same hand; the average of the numbers equals the number of balls (6 min).
2. With two balls, perform the patterns 330 (cascade with a gap), 31 (two-ball shower) and 40 (two in one hand), checking them with the average rule (6 min).
3. With three balls, students who have the cascade try 423 and 441; the others stay with two-ball patterns (8 min).
4. In pairs, invent a three-number sequence, check on the worksheet that the average is a whole number and no two balls land on the same beat, then try it (6 min).
5. Share the valid patterns the class discovered on the board (4 min).

Rules

• Before trying a new pattern, check on the worksheet that it is valid.
• High throws, like a 5, are only tried with clear space around you.
• Each pair works in its own zone and picks up its own balls.
• Every answer needs a reason: it is not enough to say whether it works.

Variations

Adaptations

• Limited hand mobility: takes part as analyst and checks the group's patterns on the worksheet.
• Dyscalculia: gets a numbered beat strip to count when each ball lands without mental math.
• Visual impairment: uses balls that make sound and a large-print or raised-number worksheet.

Learning goals

• Understand a notation system that belongs to an art form.
• Connect logical reasoning with motor performance.
• Create and check juggling patterns cooperatively.

Equipment for a class of 25

• juggling balls: 75
• worksheets: 25

Teacher tip

This is a great activity to team up with the math department. There are free online siteswap simulators that show the pattern in motion and help check it.

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